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junk bond See high-yield bond.

junk bond See BOND (3).

jura (joor-a). pl. [Latin]. Rights. See JUS.

jura in personam A right to enforce a particular persons obligation to another. See IUS IN PERSONAM.

jura fiscalia (fis-kay-lee-a). Fiscal rights; rights of the Exchequer.

jura fixa (joor-a fik-sa). Immovable rights.

jura in rem See JUS IN RE.

jura majestatis (maj-a-stay-tis). Rights of sovereignty or majesty.

jura majestatis See JURA.

jura mixti dominii (miks-ti da-min-ee-i). Rights of mixed dominion; the kings or queens right or power of jurisdiction.

jura mixti dominii See JURA.

jura personarum (par-sa-nair-am). Rights of persons. See JUS PERSONARUM.

jura personarum See JURA.

jura praediorum See JURA.

jura praediorum (pree-dee-or-am). The rights of estates.

jura regalia (ri-gay-lee-a). Royal rights; the prerogatives of the Crown. See REGALIA (1).

jura regalia See JURA.

jura rerum See JURA.

jura summi imperii See JURA.

jura summi imperii (sam-i im-peer-ee-i). Rights of supreme dominion; rights of sovereignty.

jural (Joor-al). 1. Ofor relating to law or jurisprudence; legal <jural and equitable rules>. 2. Of or relating to rights and obligations <jural relations>.

jural act (joor-al). An act taken in the context of or in furtherance of a society's legal system. Also termed jural activity. "In order to identify an act as a jural act, it must be the kind of act that would be engaged in by someone who is enforcing a law, determining an infraction of the law, making or changing a law, or settling a dispute." Martin P. Golding, Philosophy of Law 23 (1975).

jural act See ACT.

jural activity See jural act under ACT.

jural agent An official someone who has the appropriate authoritative status in society to enforce or affect the societys legal system who engages in a jural act. Common examples include judges, legislators, and police officers acting in their official capacities. See jural act under ACT.

jural agent See JURAL AGENT.

jural cause See proximate cause.

jural cause See proximate cause under CAUSE (1).

juramentum (joor-a-men-tam). [Latin]. An oath. PI. juramenta (joor-a-men-ta).

juramentum calumniae (kor-lam-nee-ee). An oath of calumny. See oath ofcalumny under OATH.

juramentum corporalis (kor-pa-ray-lis). A corporal oath. See corporal oath under OATH.

juramentum in litem (in li-tam or -tam). An oath in litem. See oath in litem under OATH.

juramentum judiciale (joo-dish-ee-ay-lee). An oath by which the judge defers the decision of the case to either of the parties.

juramentum necessarium (nes-a-sair-ee-am). A necessary or compulsory oath.

juramentum voluntarium (vol-an-tair-ee-am). A voluntary oath.

jurant (joor-ant). Archaic. One who takes an oath. jurant, n.

jurat (joor-at). 1. [fr. Latin jurare "to swear"]. A certification added to an affidavit or deposition stating when and before what authority the affidavit or deposition was made. A jurat typically says "Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of [month}, [year]," and the officer (usu. a notary public) thereby certifies three things: (1) that the person signing the document did so in the officers presence, (2) that the signer appeared before the officer on the date indicated, and (3) that the officer administered an oath or affirmation to the signer, who swore to or affirmed the contents of the document. - Also termed jurata. Cf. VERIFICATION.

jurata (juu-ray-ta), n. 1. A jury of 12 persons; esp., a jury existing at common law. 2. JURAT (1).

juration (juu-ray-shan). Archaic. 1. The act of administering an oath. 2. The act of swearing on oath.

jurative See JURATORY.

jurator (Juu-ray-tar). Archaic. See JUROR.

juratorial (joor-a-toh-ri-al) adj. Of or pertaining to a jury.

juratory (joor-a-tor-ee), adj. Of, relating to, or containing an oath. - Also termed jurative.

juratory caution 1. Maritime law. A courts permission for an indigent to disregard filing fees and court costs. A suit upon a juratory caution is the equivalent of a suit in forma pauperis. The right was first recognized in United States admiralty courts in Bradford V. Bradford, 3 F. Cas. 1129 (1878). See IN FORMA PAUPERIS. 2. Scots law. A security given on oath, such as a bond.

jure (joor-ee), adv. [Latin]. 1. By right; in right. 2. By law. See DE JURE.

jure accessionis (joor-ee ak-sesh-ee-oh-nis). By the law of natural accession. For example, the fruits of trees on ones land are ones property jure accessionis.

jure accretionis (a-kree-shee-oh-nis). By right of accretion.

jure belli (bel-i). By the right or law of wa.

jure civili (sa-vi-li). By the civil law.

jure coronae (ka-roh-nee). In right of the Crown.

jure devolutionis (dev-a-loo-shee-oh-nis). By right of devolution.

jure divino (di-vi-noh). By divine right.

jure ecclesiae (e-klee-z[h]ee-ee). By right of the church.

jure gentium (jen-shee-am). By the law of nations.

jure gestionis (joor-ee jes-chee-oh-nis). Latin "by way of doing business"]. A nations acts that are essentially commercial or private, in contrast to its public or governmental acts. Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, a foreign countrys immunity is limited to claims involVing its public acts. The statutory immunity does not extend to claims arising from the private or commercial acts of a foreign state. 28 USCA § 1605. Cf. JURE IMPERII. See COMMERCIAL-ACTIVITY EXCEPTION; RESTRICTIVE PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY.

jure imperii (joor-ee im-peer-ee-i). [Latin "by right of sovereignty"]. The public acts that a nation undertakes as a sovereign state, for which the sovereign is usu. immune from suit or liability in a foreign country. Cf. JURE GESTIONIS; COMMERCIAL-ACTIVITY EXCEPTION. See RESTRICTIVE PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY.

jure naturae 1. See EX JURE NATURAE. 2. See NATURAL LAW.

jure officii (a-fish-ee-i). By right of office.

jure proprietatis (pra-pri-a-tay-tis). By right of property.

jure proprio (proh-pree-oh). By ones own proper right.

jure repraesentationis (rep-ra-zen-tay-shee-oh-nis). By right of representation; in the right of another person.

jure sanguinis (sang-gwi-nis). By right of blood.

jure uxoris (ak-sor-is). In right of a wife.

juridical (juu-rid-i-kal). adj. 1. Of or relating to judicial proceedings or to the admin istration ofjustice. 2. Of or relating to law; legal. Also termed juridic. Cf. NONJURIDICAL.

juridical act See ACT.

juridical act Civil law. A lawful volitional act intended to have legal consequences. See abstract juridical act.

juridical day See DAY.

juridical day (juu-rid-i-kal). A day on which legal proceedings can be held. - Also termed judicial day. Cf. nonjudicial day; NONJURIDICAL.

juridical double taxation See double taxation (3) under TAXATION.

juridical link A legal relationship between members of a group, such as those in a potential class action, sufficient to make a single suit more efficient or effective than multiple suits. Also termed juridical relationship.

juridical person See artificial person under PERSON (3).

juridical person See artificial person.

jurimetrics (joor-a-me-triks). The use of scientific or empirical methods, including measurement, in the study or analysis oflega! matters. jurimetridan (joor-a-me-trish-an), jurimetricist (joor-a-me-tra-sist), n. "A variety of contextual frames of reference have been employed by commentators to explain and clarify the basis for judicial decision-making. the most fundamental aspect of the judges job. These range from exploration of the judges personality to the employment of small group theory, game theory and Guttman scaling to measure and apprehend the nature of judicial decision-making. Indeed, the disciplined effort to identify with mathematical precision the decision process has been dubiously termed jurimetrics, Alexander B. Smith & Abraham S. Blumberg, "The Problem of Objectivity," in 2 Crime and Justice 485-86 (1971).

juris (joor-is), adj. [Latin]. 1. Of law. 2. Of right.

juris divini (di-vi-ni). Roman law. Of divine right; subject to divine law. The phrase appeared in reference to churches or to religious items that could not be privately sold.

Juris Doctor (joor-is dok-tar). Doctor of law the law degree most commonly conferred by an American law school. Abbr. J.D. Also termed Doctor of Jurisprudence; Doctor of Law. Cf. MASTER OF LAWS; LL.B.; LL.D.; DOCTOR OF LAWS.

juris et de jure (joor-is et dee joor-ee). [Latin]. Of law and of right <a presumption juris et de jure cannot be rebutted>.

juris positivii See JURIS.

juris positivii Of positive law.

juris privati (pri-vay-ti). Of private right; relating to private property or private law.

juris privati See JURIS.

juris publici See JURIS.

juris publici (pab-li-si). Of public right; relating to common or public use, or to public law.

Juris utriusque Doctor See J.U.D.

juriscenter (joor-a-sen-tar or joor-a-sen-tar). Conflict of laws. The jurisdiction that is most appropriately considered a couples domestic center of gravity for matrimonial purposes.

jurisconsult (joor-is-kon-salt or -kan-salt). One who is learned in the law, esp. in civil or international law; JURIST.

jurisdictio contentiosa (joor-is-dik-shee-oh kan-ten-shee-oh-sa). [Latin]. Roman law. Contentious as opposed to voluntary jurisdiction. See contentious jurisdiction (1) under JURISDICTION.

jurisdictio emanata (joor-is-dik-shee-oh em-a-nay-ta). [Law Latin "a jurisdiction emanating from the court"]. A courts inherent jurisdiction, esp. to punish a contemner. See CONTEMNER.

jurisdictio in consentientes (joor-is-dik-shee-oh in kan-sen-shee-en-teez). [Law Latin "jurisdiction over parties by virtue of their consent"]. Scots law. Consensual jurisdiction. See consent jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.

jurisdictio voluntaria (joor-is-dik-shee-oh vol-an-tair-ee-a). [Latin]. Roman law. Voluntary jurisdiction. See voluntary jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.

jurisdiction 1. A governments general power to exercise authority over all persons and things within its territory; esp., a states power to create interests that will be recognized under common-law principles as valid in other states <New Jerseys jurisdiction>. 2. A courts power to decide a case or issue a decree <the constitutional grant of federal-question jurisdiction>. Also termed (in sense 2) competent jurisdiction.; (in both senses) coram judice. "Rules of jurisdiction in a sense speak from a position outside the court system and prescribe the authority of the courts within the system. They are to a large extent constitutional rules. The provisions of the U.S. Constitution specify the outer limits of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the federal courts and authorize Congress, within those limits, to establish by statute the organization and jurisdiction of the federal courts. Thus, Article III of the Constitution defines the judicial power of the United States to include cases arising under federal law and cases etween parties of diverse state citizenship as well as other categories. The U.S. Constitution, particularly the Due Process Clause, also establishes limits on the jurisdiction of the state courts. These due process limitations traditionally operate in two areas: jurisdiction of the subject matter and jurisdiction over persons. Within each state, the court system is established by state constitutional provisions or by a combination of such provisions and implementing legislation, which together define the authority of the various courts Within the system." Fleming James Jr., Geoffrey C. Hazard Jr. & John leubsdorf. Civil Procedure § 2.1, at 55 (5th ed. 2001).

jurisdiction clause 1. At law, a statement in a pleading that sets forth the court"s jurisdiction to act in the case. Also termed jurisdictional statement. 2. Equity practice. The part of the bill intended to show that the court has jurisdiction, usu. by an averment that adequate relief is unavailable outside equitable channels.

jurisdiction in personam See personal jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.

jurisdiction in personam See personal jurisdiction.

jurisdiction in rem See in rem jurisdiction.

jurisdiction in rem See in rem jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.

jurisdiction is fundandae (joor-is-dik-shee-oh-nis fan-dan-dee). [Law Latin]. Scots law. For the purpose of founding jurisdiction. See ARRESTUM JURISDICTIONIS FUNDANDAE CAUSA.

jurisdiction loci See spatial jurisdiction.

jurisdiction loci See spatial jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.

jurisdiction of the cause See subject-matter jurisdiction under JURISDICTION.