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interinsurance exchange See RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE.

Interior Department See DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

interlineation (in-tar-lin-ee-ay-shan). 1. The act of writing something between the lines of an earlier writing. 2. Something written between the lines of an earlier writing. Cf. INTERPOLATION (1). interline, vb.

interlining A carriers practice of transferring a shipment to another carrier to reach a destination not served by the transferring carrier.

interlocking confessions Confessions by two or more suspects whose statements are substantially the same and consistent concerning the elements of the crime.

interlocking confessions See CONFESSION.

interlocking director See DIRECTOR.

interlocking director A director who simultaneously serves on the boards of two or more corporations that deal with each other or have allied interests.

interlocutor (in-tar-lok-ya-tar). Scots law. A nonfinal judicial order disposing of any part of a case.

interlocutory (in-tar-lok-ya-tor-ee), adj. (Of an order, judgment, appeal, etc.) interim or temporary; not constituting a final resolution of the whole controversy. Also termed medial.

interlocutory appeal An appeal that occurs before the trial court's final ruling on the entire case. 28 USCA § 1292(b). Some interlocutory appeals involve legal points necessary to the determination of the case, while others involve collateral orders that are wholly separate from the merits of the action. See INTERLOCUTORY APPEALS FINAL-JUDGMENT RULE.

interlocutory appeal See APPEAL.

Interlocutory Appeals Act A federal statute, enacted in 1958, that grants discretion to a U.S. court of appeals to review an interlocutory order in a civil case if the trial judge states in writing that the order involves a controlling question of law on which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion, and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the termination of the litigation. 28 USCA § 1292(b). Cf. FINALITY DOCTRINE; FINAL-UDGMENT RULE.

interlocutory application A motion for equitable or legal relief sought before a final decision. 3. Bankruptcy. A request for an order not requiring advance notice and an opportunity for a hearing before the order is issued.

interlocutory application See APPLICATION.

interlocutory costs See COSTS (3).

interlocutory costs. Costs incurred during the pendency of an appeal.

interlocutory decision See interlocutory order under ORDER (2).

interlocutory decision See interlocutory order under ORDER (2).

interlocutory decree See interlocutory judgment under JUDGMENT.

interlocutory decree See interlocutory judgment under JUDGMENT.

interlocutory injunction See preliminary injunction.

interlocutory injunction See preliminary injunction under INJUNCTION.

interlocutory judgment See JUDGMENT

interlocutory judgment (in-tar-lok-[y]a-tor-ee). An intermediate judgment that determines a preliminary or subordinate point or plea but does not finally decide the case. A judgment or order given on a provisional or accessory claim or contention is generally interlocutory. Also termed interlocutory decree.

interlocutory order See ORDER (2).

interlocutory order (in-tar-lok-ya-tor-ee). An order that relates to some intermediate matter in the case; anv order other than a final order. Most interlocutory orders are not appealable until the case is fully resolved. But by rule or statute, most jurisdictions allow some types of interlocutory orders (such as preliminary injunctions and class-certification orders) to be immediately appealed. - Also termed interlocutory decision; interim order; intermediate order. See appealable decision under DECISION; COLLATERAL-ORDER DOCTRINE.

interloper 1. One who interferes without justification. 2. One who trades illegally. - interlope, vb.

intermeddler See OFFICIOUS INTERMEDDLER.

intermediary (in-tar-mee-dee-er-ee). A mediator or go-between; a third-party negotiator. Cf. FINDER (1). - intermediate (in-tar-mee-dee-ayt), vb.

intermediary bank See BANK.

intermediary bank A bank to which an item is transferred in the course of collection, even though the bank is not the depositary or payor bank. UCC § 4-105(4).

intermediate account An account filed by an executor, administrator, or guardian after the initial account and before the final account. This account is usu. filed annually. - Also termed annual account.

intermediate account See ACCOUNT.

intermediate casing See CASING.

intermediate casing Casing that protects deep formations against pollution from drilling and producing operations.

intermediate court An appellate court that is below a court oflast resort.

intermediate court See COURT.

intermediate order See interlocutory order under ORDER (2).

intermediate scrutiny Constitutional law. A standard lying between the extremes of rational-basis review and strict scrutiny. Under the standard, if a statute contains a quasi-suspect classification (such as gender or legitimacy), the classification must be substantially related to the achievement of an important governmental objective. Also termed middle-level scrutiny; mid-level scrutiny; heightened scrutiny. Cf. STRICT SCRUTINY; RATIONAL-BASIS TEST.

intermediation 1. Any process involving an intermediary. 2. The placing offunds with a financial intermediary that reinvests the funds, such as a bank that lends the funds to others or a mutual fund that invests the funds in stocks, bonds, or other instruments.

intermittent easement See EASEMENT.

intermittent easement An easement that is usable or used only from time to time, not regularly or continuously.

intermittent sentence See SENTENCE.

intermittent sentence A sentence consisting of periods of confinement interrupted by periods of freedom. - Also termed (when served on weekends) weekend sentence.

intermixture of goods See CONFUSION OF GOODS.

intermodal transport See MULTIMODAL SHIPPING.

intermunicipal law See private international law under INTERNATIONAL LAW.

intern An advanced student or recent graduate who is apprenticing to gain practical experience before entering a specific profession. See CLERK (4). internship, n.

intern 1. To segregate and confine a person or group, esp. those suspected of hostile sympathies in time of war. See INTERNMENT. 2. To work in an internship.

internal act See ACT.

internal act An act of the mind, such as thinking.

internal affairs of a foreign corporation Conflict of laws. Matters that involve only the inner workings of a corporation, such as dividend declarations and the selection of officers. "The old statement that a court will not hear cases involving the internal affairs of a foreign corporation has been practically dropped from the law today, and the result when appropriate is achieved under the forum non conveniens rule. Modern courts recognize their jurisdiction to entertain such suits, and insist only upon a discretionary power to refuse to exercise the existent jurisdiction when the facts make it both feasible and more desirable for the case to be heard by a court of the state of incorporation." Robert A. Leflar, American Conflicts Law § 255. at 512-13 (3d ed. 1977).

internal attack A beneficiarys questioning of the propriety of a trusts continuance, the purpose being to terminate the trust and receive from the trustee the interests held for the beneficiarys benefit.

internal audit An audit performed by an organization's personnel to ensure that internal procedures, operations, and accounting practices are in proper order.

internal audit See AUDIT.

internal commerce See intrastate commerce under COMMERCE.

internal commerce See intrastate commerce.

internal financing A funding method using funds generated through the company's operations rather than from stock issues or bank loans.

internal financing See FINANCING.

internal law See LAW.

internal law 1. Law that regulates the domestic affairs ofa country. Cf. INTERNATIONAL LAW. 2. LOCAL LAW (3).

internal litigation-hold letter See LITIGATION-HOLD LETTER.

internal rate of return Accounting. A discounted-cashflow method of evaluating a long-term project, used to determine the actual return on an investment. Abbr. IRR.

internal rate of return See RATE OF RETURN.

internal revenue Governmental revenue derived from domestic taxes rather than from customs or import duties. Also termed (outside the United States) inland revenue.

Internal Revenue Code Title 26 of the u.s. Code, containing all current federal tax laws. Abbr. IRe. Also termed tax law.

Internal Revenue Service A unit in the U. S. Department of the Treasury responsible for enforCing and administering the internal-revenue laws and other tax laws except those relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. - Abbr. IRS.

internal security The field oflaw dealing with measures taken to protect a country from subversive activities.

internal sovereignty The power enjoyed by a governmental entity of a sovereign state, including affairs within its own territory and powers related to the exercise of external sovereignty.

internal sovereignty See SOVEREIGNTY (3).

internal waters Any natural or artificial body or stream of water within the territorial limits of a country, such as a bay, gulf, river mouth, creek, harbor, port, lake, or canal. - Also termed inland waters. "Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of a State." Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, Apr. 29, 1958, art. 5, $ 1.

internal-affairs doctrine Conflict of laws. The rule that in disputes involving a corporation and its relationships with its shareholders, directors, officers, or agents, the law to be applied is the law of the state of incorporation. This doctrine applies in the majority ofstates. In a few states, notably California and New York, foreign corporations must meet state-law requirements in specified circumstances. "Broadly speaking, corporate internal affairs refers to the powers and obligations of a corporations manager vis-a-vis the corporation and its shareholders, and the rights and duties of the corporations shareholders vis-a-vis the corporation, its management and the other shareholders. Put differently, corporate internal affairs pretty much encompass the subject matter of those state laws typically referred to as corporate law. In dealing with a corporations internal affairs, courts ... have looked to the law of the state of incorporation for the governing rule. Courts often refer to this choice of law prinCiple as the internal affairs doctrine. Franklin A. Gevurtz, Corporation Law 36 (2000).

internally displaced person See displaced person under PERSON (1).

internal-security act A statute illegalizing and controlling subversive activities of organizations whose purpose is believed to be to overthrow or disrupt the government. In the United States, many provisions in such statutes have been declared unconstitutional. One such law was repealed in 1993. See 50 USCA § 781.

international administrative law See ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.

international administrative law 1.The internal law and rules of international organizations. 2. The substantive rules of international law that directly refer administrative subpoena to the administrative matters of individual states. 3. Domestic administrative law specifically concerned with international problems or situations. Also termed administrative international law.

international adoption An adoption in which parents domiciled in one nation travel to a foreign country to adopt a child there, usu. in accordance with the laws of the child's nation . International adoptions first became popular after World War II and escalated after the Korean Conflict because of the efforts of humanitarian programs working to find homes for children left orphaned by the wars. More recently prospective parents have turned to international adoption as the number of healthy babies domestically available for adoption has steadily declined. Also termed transnational adoption; intercountry adoption. See MULTIETHNIC PLACEMENT ACT OF 1994.

international agreement A treaty or other contract between different countries. such as GATT or NAFTA. See GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE; NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT. "Though international agreements are known by a variety of titles, such as treaties, conventions, pacts, acts, declarations, protocols, accords, arrangements, concordats, and modi vivendi, none of these terms has an absolutely fixed meaning. The more formal political agreements, however, are usually called treaties or conventions." Oscar Svarlien, An Introduction to the Law of Nations 261 (1955).

international application An application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty for patent protection in specified member nations. A PCT filing may be added as long as 31 months after the initial filing in a national patent office. It allows for simultaneous patent searches and examinations in multiple countries. Also termed PCT application; peTfiling. See PATENT COOPERATION TREATY.

international application See PATENT APPLICATION.

international application designating the United States An international-patent application that is filed in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty and specifically seeks patent protection in the United States. The application may be filed in any nation, including the U.S., that is a party to the treaty.

international application designating the United States See PATENT APPLICATION.

international application originating in the United States An international-patent application that is filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty. Under the treaty, the PTO acts as a receiving office for international applications. 1he applicant mayor may not be seeking patent protection in the U.S.

international application originating in the United States See PATENT APPLICATION.

International Association See L ASSOCIATION LITTERAIRE ET ARTISTIQUE INTERNATIONALE.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. See WORLD BANK.

international bill of exchange See foreign draft under DRAFT.

International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property A predecessor of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The bureau was created by combining the Paris Conventions Secretariat (the International Bureau for the Paris Convention) with the Berne Copyright Convention of 1886. It was supervised by the Swiss government until 1970, when the bureau became part of WI PO. Also termed Bureaux Internationaux Reunis pour la Protection de fa Propriete lntellectuelle; BIRPI.

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes An autonomous division of the World Bank consisting of an international three-member tribunal that presides over arbitrations affecting the rights of foreign investors. The center was created in 1966 under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States. It provides services for the conciliation and arbitration of international investment and trade disputes. Abbr. ICSID.

international commerce See COMMERCE.

international commerce Trade and other business activities between nations.

international control The supervision over countries and their subdivisions for the purpose of ensuring the conformity of their conduct with international law. "[S]upervision is exercised increasingly not only over the conduct of governmental and intergovernmental institutions, but also over the acts and omissions of individuals to establish their conformity with requirements of public international law. Yet even where supranational entities, notably the European Communities, exercise international control over the conduct of individuals and corporate bodies, generally the supervision is destined to verify or secure conformity of governmental measures with relevant rules of law." Hugo J. Hahn, "International Controls," in 2 Encyclopedia of Public International Law 1079-80 (1995).

International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms. See ROME CONVENTION.

International court of justice See INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE.

International Court of Justice The 15-member permanent tribunal that is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The Court sits in the Hague, Nether-lands. It has jurisdiction to decide disputes submitted to it by nations, and to render advisory opinions requested by the United Nations and its specialized agencies. The U.N. Security Council has the express power to enforce the Courts judgments. Abbr. IC]. Also termed World Court.

international crime See INTERNATIONAL CRIME.

international crime A grave breach of international law, such as genocide or a crime against humanity, made a punishable offense by treaties or applicable rules of customary international law. An international crime occurs when three conditions are satisfied: (1) the criminal norm must derive either from a treaty concluded under international law or from customary international law, and must have direct binding force on individuals without intermediate provisions of municipal law. (2) the provision must be made for the prosecution of acts penalized by international law in accordance with the principle of universal jurisdiction, so that the international character of the crime might show in the mode of prosecution itself (e.g., before the International Criminal Court), and (3) a treaty establishing liability for the act must bind the great majority of countries. Also termed international offense.

International criminal court See INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT.

International Criminal Court A court established by a treaty known as the Statute of the International Criminal Court (effective 2002), with jurisdiction over genocides, crimes against humanity, war crimes. and aggression. It sits in The Hague, Netherlands. - Abbr. ICC.